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Start a free trialLaw 6/2020 regulating certain aspects of electronic trust services
According to the Spanish Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). In Spain, electronic signatures are regulated, have full legal validity, and can be used to enter into a variety of agreements.
Law 6/2020 regulates trust services at the national level and their legal effectiveness, being complementary to the provisions of the eIDAS Regulation…
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German Electronic Signature Law
In Germany, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more competent parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Germany regulates electronic signatures through a special law and grants them full legal validity.
In Germany, electronic signatures can be used to…
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Federal Signature Law
As a general rule, Austrian law states that agreements are valid as long as they are entered into by two or more competent parties (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Austrian law regulates and gives legal validity to electronic signatures.
According to Austrian law, the different types of signatures can be used to…
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Law of 21 July 2016
In Belgium, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more capable parties reach an agreement, whether by verbal, written, or electronic means. Belgium regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal value.
In Belgium, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of…
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Law on the Implementation of Regulation (EU) Nº 910/2014
In Croatia, the parties can enter into an agreement and express consent by means of an electronic signature, unless the law expressly requires the presence of a handwritten signature. Croatian law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity.
In Croatia, electronic signatures can be used for…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Denmark, a contract is valid as long as two parties reach an agreement, without the need for the presence of a handwritten signature. Therefore, the Parties may choose to enter into agreements and express their consent through the use of electronic signatures.
In Denmark, electronic signatures can be used to sign all…
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Civil Code
As a general rule, in accordance with French regulations, contracts shall be valid as long as the parties have reached an agreement by written, verbal, or electronic means. Likewise, in France, a contract cannot be rejected simply because it has been signed using an electronic signature.
According to the French Civil Code, for an electronic signature to make a legal act take effect and be…
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Digital Administration Code
According to Italian law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Italy regulates electronic signatures and grants them full validity, with the parties of an agreement being the ones with the freedom to agree to use it to express their consent.
As such, Italian law grants electronic signatures the same value as…
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Electronic Signature Law and Civil Code
As a general rule, in the Netherlands, the parties of an agreement can decide whether to express it verbally, in writing, or electronically. Local law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity.
For the Netherlands, a non-qualified electronic signature shall have the same value as…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Poland, as a general rule, for a contract to be valid, the parties must have reached an agreement regardless of how they express it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Polish law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity, with the parties being able to express their consent through its use.
In Poland, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of…
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Decree Law nº 290-D/99 on Electronic Signatures
In Portugal, there is legal freedom in the methods that can be used when entering into a contract: the vast majority of agreements can be entered into either in writing, verbally, or electronically (unless expressly required by law to be done in writing). In the same sense, through Law 290-D/99, Portugal expressly recognises the validity of the electronic signature and regulates its use.
In Portugal, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of…
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Law on Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Nº 297/2016
According to Czech law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Czech law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity.
In the Czech Republic, electronic signatures Czech Republic can be…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Sweden, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of the way they decide to express it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). That is why the parties in an agreement can consent to entering into it by using electronic signatures unless the law expressly indicates that it requires the presence of a handwritten signature.
Likewise, the Swedish Procedural Code expressly establishes that documents in…
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Law on Electronic Documents and Trust Services
In Bulgaria, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Bulgaria’s special law regulates electronic signatures, their legal effectiveness, and the provision of certification services.
In Bulgaria, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of agreements…
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Law 55(I) of 2018
In Cyprus, as a general rule, a contract will be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Cypriot law regulates electronic signatures and establishes their validity when signing documents and agreements. In this sense, the law expressly establishes that a document’s legal effects may not be denied for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
In Cyprus, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…
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Presidential Decree 150/2001 on Electronic Signatures
According to the Greek Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they express it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means).
In Greece, a document containing any type of…
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Law on Trust Services N.º 272/2016
In Slovakia, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Slovak law regulates electronic signatures and establishes their validity when signing documents and agreements.
In this sense, in Slovakia, a document’s legal effects cannot be…
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Business Law and Electronic Signatures
In Slovenia, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement, whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means. Slovak law regulates electronic signatures and establishes their validity.
In this sense, in Slovenia, a document’s legal effects cannot be denied by…
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Law on Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions
Estonia regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity, and the parties may enter into legitimate agreements by using them. So, they are widely used in the business world.
In Estonia, electronic signatures are equivalent to handwritten ones, resulting in the same effects in…
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Law on Electronic Identification and Digital Signatures)
In Finland, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach a verbal, handwritten, or electronic agreement. In other words, electronic signatures may be used to enter into agreements, unless the law requires special formalities that cannot be fulfilled by electronic means.
Likewise, the Finnish Procedural Code establishes that digital solutions can be presented as …
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Electronic Signature Law
In Hungary, as a general rule, the parties are free to decide upon how to enter into an agreement: verbally, in writing, or by electronic means. Hungary regulates and grants legal validity to electronic signatures through a special law.
In Hungary, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of agreements that are not…
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Electronic Commerce Law
In Luxembourg, as a general rule, the parties are free to decide upon how to enter into an agreement: verbally, in writing, or by electronic means. Luxembourg regulates and grants legal validity to electronic signatures through a special law. Likewise, the Civil Code establishes that electronic documents shall bear the burden of proof regarding the existence, acceptance, and authenticity of a document.
Luxembourg law establishes that an electronic signature shall be valid as long as: i) it allows for the signatory to be…
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Electronic Commerce Law
Irish law regulates and grants legal validity to electronic signatures. So, electronic signatures must have the same effect in Ireland as handwritten signatures, with the parties of an agreement being able to choose what type of signature to use.
Irish law specifically states that a document’s validity cannot be denied due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature. Likewise…
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Electronic Documents Law
In Latvia, the parties can decide on how to enter into an agreement: verbally, in writing, or electronically. Latvian law regulates electronic signatures and gives them full validity, within the general framework applicable in the European Union.
Also, in Latvia, electronic signatures shall have the same value as handwritten ones unless the law expressly requires the presence of some…
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Law on Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions
In Lithuania, as a general rule, the parties may decide to enter into an agreement either verbally, in writing, or by electronic means. Lithuania regulates electronic signatures internally and grants them full legal validity. The parties of an agreement may use electronic signatures to express their consent.
Also, in Lithuania, electronic signatures shall have the same value as handwritten ones unless the law expressly requires the…
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Electronic Commerce Law
Malta regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity, with the parties of an agreement being able to express their consent through the use of electronic signatures.
In Malta, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…
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Electronic Signature Law Nº 455/2001
In Romania, the parties to an agreement shall be able to choose how to express their consent: whether by written, verbal, or electronic means. According to Romanian law, a document in electronic format that includes an attached or associated electronic signature shall have the same value as a document with a handwritten signature, provided that the parties have consented to express their agreement through electronic signatures.
In Romania, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Norway, a contract shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it: whether by verbal, written, or electronic means. Norway regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity. Likewise, in Norway the same value is granted to electronic signatures as to handwritten ones.
Although Norway is not a member country of the European Union, in June of 2018, it decided to…
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Electronic Communications Law
For a contract to be valid in the United Kingdom, as a general rule, two or more parties must reach an agreement, whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means. The Electronic Communications law regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal validity, with the parties being able to express their consent through its use.
Also, according to local practice, an agreement’s validity cannot be denied for the…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Switzerland, as a general rule, a contract will be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it: whether by verbal, written, or electronic means. Switzerland regulates electronic signatures in its local legislation and grants them legal validity. Electronic signatures may not be used when the law requires special formalities.
In Switzerland, there are three types of signatures: i) simple: those data logically joined or linked to other electronic data that serve to…
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Electronic Signature Law Nº 5070
According to Turkish law, as a general rule, for a contract to be valid, it is enough for the parties to reach an agreement, regardless of whether it be verbal or through a printed or electronic document. Turkish law expressly recognises the existence and validity of electronic signatures. Furthermore, Turkish law prohibits rejecting a contract for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
In Turkey, electronic signatures can be used for…
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Electronic Signature Law Nº 28/2001
In Iceland, as a general rule, the parties of a valid agreement may decide to enter into it either in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. Electronic signatures are valid and regulated by special regulations in Iceland.
In Iceland, advanced electronic signatures can be used to…
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Law on Electronic Trust Services
In Ukraine, a contract shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it: whether by written, verbal, or electronic means. Furthermore, Ukrainian law specifically states that a document’s validity cannot be denied due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
In Ukraine, just like in the European Union, there are three types of electronic signatures:…
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Law on Electronic Trust Services Nº 35/2014
In Andorra, electronic signatures are regulated and are valid. So, as a general rule, the parties can enter into agreements by using an electronic signature, except when the law expressly requires the presence of a handwritten signature.
Andorran law regulates electronic signatures in a very similar way to the eIDAS Regulation, establishing three types of electronic signatures: simple, advanced, and…
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Regulation of Electronic Signatures and Regulation of Electronic Documents
In Scotland, a contract shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement (regardless of the format: written, verbal, or electronic). Electronic signatures are regulated in Scotland and have full legal validity.
In Scotland, just like with the European Union member countries, there are…
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Electronic Signature Law
In China, as a general rule, agreements can be validly entered into by electronic means, as the law states that a contract carried out through electronic means in compliance with the law’s requirements shall be considered just like a written document.
Likewise, as long as all the parties to an agreement have consented to entering into it by means of an electronic signature, the validity of…
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Electronic Signature and Certification Services Law
In Japan, as a general rule, the parties of an agreement may decide to enter into it either in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. Likewise, Japanese legislation establishes that a contract cannot be rejected just because it has been entered into using electronic signatures.
Japan recognises and regulates the validity of electronic signatures through a…
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Law for Electronic Transactions Nº 51/2005/QH11
According to the Vietnamese Civil Code, contracts do not have to be entered into by means of a handwritten signature to be valid, and may contain electronic signatures (except in those cases where the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature). Likewise, Law 51/2005 regulates the existence and validity of electronic signatures, expressly establishing that a contract may not be declared inadmissible simply because it contains an…
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Law 63-FZ on Electronic Signatures
In Russia, the parties of a valid agreement may decide whether to enter into it in writing, verbally, or, where authorised by law, through electronic means. That is why the legislation indicates which agreements can be validly carried out using electronic signatures.
Article 6 of the law establishes that electronic signatures shall have the same validity as handwritten ones in electronic documents that have been…
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Law 11/08 on Information and Electronic Transactions
Indonesian law does not require contracts to have a handwritten signature for them to be valid, with the parties being free to agree on how to sign them (verbally, in writing with a handwritten signature, or electronically).
Meanwhile, Indonesian law expressly establishes that contracts entered into by electronic means are valid and admissible, although in the…
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Electronic Commerce Law Nº 8792
In the Philippines, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically).
According to Philippine law, contracts that have been entered into using electronic signatures cannot be rejected for this reason alone. That is why…
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Law on Commercial Transactions B.F. 2544
In Thailand, there is freedom in the contractual methods that can be used: there is no obligation to express consent by handwritten signature, and contracts can be entered into using electronic signatures (unless the law requires the need to do so by handwritten signature).
Similarly, Thai law specifically states that the validity of contracts entered into by…
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Electronic Commerce Law
As a general rule, Malaysia does not require contracts to contain handwritten signatures in order to be valid, and the parties may agree to enter into one by electronic means (unless the law expressly requires otherwise). Similarly, the electronic commerce law expressly states that contracts cannot be declared inadmissible or unenforceable due to the…
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Electronic Transactions Law
The general rule in Singapore is that contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties (whether verbal or by a physical or electronic document). Singaporean law regulates the existence and validity of electronic signatures. Furthermore, Singaporean law states that an agreement’s validity cannot be rejected due to the…
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Electronic Commerce Law
Iranian law allows electronic documents to be signed electronically and, in most cases, electronic signatures are given the same validity as handwritten ones. At the same time, documents that contain electronic signatures shall be valid as evidence before a court.
Iranian law defines electronic signatures in a broad sense as “any indication that appears or is attached to an electronic document intended to identify the…
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Electronic Transactions and Electronic Commerce Law
In the United Arab Emirates, electronic signatures are regulated by local legislation and are valid for carrying out a large number of documents. The Electronic Commerce Law establishes that electronic signatures have probative value and may be used to those ends in litigation. So, a document cannot be rejected due to the…
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Information Technology Law
In India, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how it is expressed (by written, verbal, or electronic means). Likewise, India’s information technology law states that a contract cannot be rejected due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
Electronic signatures are presumed valid unless one of the…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Israel, as a general rule, the parties can choose how to enter into an agreement, being able to resort to electronic signatures when expressing consent. Likewise, in accordance with Israeli law, documents containing an electronic signature will be admitted as evidence in the event of litigation.
In order to validly sign a document using electronic signatures, the parties must ensure that the…
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Digital Signature Law
In South Korea, contracts can be entered into by written, verbal, or electronic means, unless the law requires a particular formality. Likewise, according to local legislation, a contract cannot be rejected for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
Meanwhile, in South Korea, electronic documents can be presented as…
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Electronic Signature Law
In Taiwan, as a general rule, the parties of an agreement may decide to enter into it: in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. So, according to local legislation, a contract cannot be rejected for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
Taiwanese law places great importance on consent. That is why, whenever an agreement is…
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Electronic Transactions Law
In Sri Lanka, as a general rule, the parties of an agreement can choose how to implement it: verbally, in writing, or electronically. Sri Lanka regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal value. Likewise, Sri Lanka, an agreement’s validity cannot be denied due to the…
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Electronic Transactions Law
In Brunei, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Likewise, contracts may not be rejected for the mere fact of having been entered into by means of electronic signatures.
In Brunei, electronic signatures can be used for…
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Law on Electronic Documents and Digital Signatures
As a general rule, Kazakhstan does not require contracts to contain handwritten signatures in order to be valid, and the parties may agree to enter into one by electronic means (unless the law expressly requires otherwise). In Kazakhstan, electronic signatures are valid and regulated by a specific law on digital signatures.
The law interprets the concept of written contracts in a broad sense: whenever the law requires that a…
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Electronic Transactions Law
Kuwait regulates electronic signatures and grants them validity as a means of expressing consent in a large number of agreements. Likewise, electronic documents are recognised as probative evidence before judicial processes. In Kuwait, the validity of an agreement may not be rejected for the mere fact that it was entered into using electronic signatures.
In Kuwait, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…
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Electronic Transactions Ordinance
Pakistan regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal value. Likewise, documents that contain electronic signatures shall be valid as evidence before a court.
As a general rule, the parties to an agreement may decide to express it through electronic means. At the same time, all documents or agreements that must be signed to…
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Law on Information Technology and Communication
Bahrain regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal validity. According to local legislation, an agreement’s validity cannot be denied due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.
In Bangladesh, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of agreements that…
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Electronic Transactions Law
In Hong Kong, as a general rule, contracts are valid as long as the parties involved have reached an agreement in writing, verbally, or through electronic means. Hong Kong regulates the validity of electronic signatures by means of a special law and expressly establishes that a contract’s validity cannot be denied merely due to the fact that it has …
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Ley para el Reconocimiento de las Comunicaciones y Firmas Electrónicas
Como regla general, los contratos son válidos en Guatemala siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos).
La ley guatemalteca establece expresamente que los documentos en formato electrónico resultan válidos, ejecutables y admisibles como…
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Ley 51/08 sobre Documentos Electrónicos y Firma Electrónica
Como regla general, los contratos son válidos en Panamá siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). Asimismo, los contratos no pueden ser rechazados por el mero hecho de haber sido firmados electrónicamente.
La ley panameña establece expresamente que la firma electrónica tendrá el…
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Ley de Firma Digital 8454/05
Los contratos son válidos en Costa Rica siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). En Costa Rica, la firma electrónica es válida, es prueba admisible en procesos judiciales y se encuentra regulada por la ley 8454.
De acuerdo con el artículo 3 de dicha ley, cualquier manifestación con carácter representativo o declarativo expresada o transmitida por…
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Ley sobre Firmas Electrónicas N.o 33.301
Como regla general, en Honduras, los contratos son válidos siempre que exista un
acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). La ley hondureña define específicamente la firma electrónica y regula su aplicación y validez.
De acuerdo con el artículo 6 de la Ley 33.301, los actos y contratos suscritos mediante firma electrónica, serán válidos de la misma manera y producirán los …
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Ley de Firma Electrónica
En El Salvador, los contratos son válidos siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). La ley salvadoreña define específicamente la firma electrónica y regula su aplicación y validez.
El Salvador otorga valor jurídico a la firma electrónica y establece en el artículo 8 de su ley que los documentos en soporte electrónico que…
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Ley N.o 729 sobre Firma Electrónica
En Nicaragua, los contratos serán válidos siempre que haya un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). La ley nicaragüense le otorga y reconoce eficacia y valor jurídicos a la firma electrónica.
Si bien la legislación nicaragüense equipara a la firma electrónica certificada con la firma manuscrita, la firma electrónica simple también es…
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Law 11.419 and Interim Measure 2.200-2
According to Brazilian law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). In Brazil, documents signed using electronic signatures have legal validity and can be presented as evidence in court.
In Brazil, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…
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Law 527/99, Resolution 26930/00, Decree 2364/12
According to the Colombian Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means).
Electronic signatures are regulated by Colombian legislation and have full legal validity, unless the regulation applicable to the contract or document in question requires only the use of a handwritten signature. Likewise, Law 527/99 establishes that contracts cannot be…
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Law 27.269 and Decree 052/08
According to Peruvian law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means).
Likewise, in Peru, a contract cannot be rejected simply because it has been signed using electronic…
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Law 25.506
According to the Argentinian Civil and Commercial Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means), unless the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature.
Law 25.506 recognises and grants legal validity to electronic signatures, establishing that they are admissible as evidence in legal proceedings. In the same sense, the…
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Law 19.799 and Decree 181
According to Chilean Civil law, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means), unless the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature. That is why, when expressing consent, the parties may agree to use electronic signatures.
Law 19.799 establishes that documents signed using electronic signatures shall be just as valid and produce the same effects as those done on paper. Likewise, in Chile, the…
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Law Nº 18.600
In Uruguay, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means), unless the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature.
Law No. 18.600 expressly recognises the admissibility, validity, and legal effectiveness of electronic documents and electronic signatures. Likewise, it specifically states that…
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Electronic Commerce Law 2002-67
In Ecuador, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Ecuadorian legislation establishes that the validity of an agreement cannot be denied just because it was entered into using electronic signatures.
According to article 14 of the Ecuadorian Electronic Commerce Law, electronic signatures shall have the…
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Law Nº 4017
In Paraguay, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Paraguayan law defines electronic signatures and regulates their application and validity.
According to the law, additional proof may be required for documents that are signed using electronic signatures, since, in the event that one of…
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Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act – ESIGN- and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act -UETA-
According to US regulations, electronic documents shall have the same legal value as physical documents, clearly establishing that a document’s effect, validity, and legal enforceability will not be denied due to the fact that it is presented in an electronic format. That is why the parties can freely choose whether to enter into an agreement electronically.
US federal regulations do not require minimum technological requirements to grant validity to electronic signatures, and the parties may…
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Law on Personal Data Protection and Electronic Documents
In Canada, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties (whether verbal or by a physical or electronic document). Canada defines electronic signatures broadly and does not establish minimum technological requirements when granting them legal validity.
Electronic signatures shall have the same value as handwritten ones and may be used to…
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Commercial Code, Advanced Electronic Signature Law
According to the Mexican Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Likewise, the Mexican Commercial Code states that legal effects, validity, or binding force may not be denied to any information for the mere reason that it is contained in a data message.
Mexico regulates and recognises electronic signatures as legal and applicable, and the…
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Electronic Signature Law Nº 359/04
In Puerto Rico, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Puerto Rican law regulates and recognises the validity of electronic signatures in its specific legislation.
Likewise, Puerto Rican law recognises electronic signatures as having the same legal effect as handwritten ones, expressly establishing that…
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Law on Electronic Commerce, Documents, and Digital Signatures
In the Dominican Republic, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Dominican law regulates and recognises the validity of digital signatures in a specific law.
Specifically, the law establishes that no legal effects, validity, or binding force shall be denied to any type of information simply because it is in the form of a digital document or…
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Electronic Transactions Act 1999
In Australia, there is freedom in the methods that can be used and, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties. The Electronic Transactions Law regulates the existence and validity of electronic signatures, as electronic signatures are widely used.
Under Australian law, any electronic signature can replace a handwritten signature. In the same sense, Australian law specifically confirms that a document’s validity cannot be…
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Electronic Transactions Law
The general rule in New Zealand is that contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties (regardless of how they express it). Furthermore, New Zealand law states that an agreement’s validity cannot be rejected due to the mere fact that it includes an electronic signature.
In New Zealand, electronic signatures shall be equivalent to handwritten ones as long as the parties of an agreement so determine, unless the…
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Electronic Communications and Transactions Law
In South Africa, the parties of a valid agreement may decide to enter into it either in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. Likewise, the validity of a contract may not be rejected for the mere fact that it was entered into using electronic signatures.
To be valid, electronic signatures must: i) identify the signatory and…
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Electronic Signature Law Nº 15/2004
As a general rule, Egypt does not require contracts to contain handwritten signatures in order to be valid, and the parties may agree to enter into one by electronic means (unless the law expressly requires otherwise). Electronic signatures are valid and regulated by a special law in Egypt.
Additionally, Egyptian law specifically states that a contract’s validity cannot be…
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Law of Evidence and Cybercrime Law
In Nigeria, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). The Nigerian legal system recognises the validity of electronic signatures, although it does not define them or establish minimum validity requirements.
Nigerian law expressly states that electronic signatures are valid to use and fully effective for…
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Electronic Communications Law and OHADA General Commercial Law
For a contract to be valid in Cameroon, the parties must reach an agreement, regardless of how they express it (verbally, in writing, or electronically). Cameroon regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity.
Likewise, the applicable legislation in Cameroon establishes that an agreement may not be…
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Law 53-05
In Morocco, electronic signatures are regulated by law 53-05 and are legally valid. Likewise, local legislation establishes that an agreement with an electronic signature cannot be rejected just because it has been entered into using electronic signatures.
In Morocco, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…
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Law Nº 15-04 on Electronic Certification Signatures
Algeria regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity. For this reason, as a general rule, the parties of a contract may express their agreement through electronic means in any case of an agreement.
According to Algerian law, a document cannot be rejected due to the mere fact that it contains an…
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Information and Communications Law
Kenya regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity. Under Kenyan law, as long as the parties agree, contracts may be entered into electronically (unless the law expressly requires the presence of a handwritten signature).
Furthermore, the law establishes that an agreement may not be rejected simply because it has been…
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