The regulation of the e-signature in the world

Law in Spain

Law 6/2020 regulating certain aspects of electronic trust services

According to the Spanish Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). In Spain, electronic signatures are regulated, have full legal validity, and can be used to enter into a variety of agreements.

Law 6/2020 regulates trust services at the national level and their legal effectiveness, being complementary to the provisions of the eIDAS Regulation…

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Law in Germany

German Electronic Signature Law

In Germany, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more competent parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Germany regulates electronic signatures through a special law and grants them full legal validity.

In Germany, electronic signatures can be used to…

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Law in Austria

Federal Signature Law

As a general rule, Austrian law states that agreements are valid as long as they are entered into by two or more competent parties (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Austrian law regulates and gives legal validity to electronic signatures.

According to Austrian law, the different types of signatures can be used to…

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Law in Belgium

Law of 21 July 2016

In Belgium, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more capable parties reach an agreement, whether by verbal, written, or electronic means. Belgium regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal value.

In Belgium, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of…

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Law in Croatia

Law on the Implementation of Regulation (EU) Nº 910/2014

In Croatia, the parties can enter into an agreement and express consent by means of an electronic signature, unless the law expressly requires the presence of a handwritten signature. Croatian law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity.

In Croatia, electronic signatures can be used for…

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Law in Denmark

Electronic Signature Law

In Denmark, a contract is valid as long as two parties reach an agreement, without the need for the presence of a handwritten signature. Therefore, the Parties may choose to enter into agreements and express their consent through the use of electronic signatures.

In Denmark, electronic signatures can be used to sign all…

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Law in France

Civil Code

As a general rule, in accordance with French regulations, contracts shall be valid as long as the parties have reached an agreement by written, verbal, or electronic means. Likewise, in France, a contract cannot be rejected simply because it has been signed using an electronic signature.

According to the French Civil Code, for an electronic signature to make a legal act take effect and be…

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Law in Italy

Digital Administration Code

According to Italian law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Italy regulates electronic signatures and grants them full validity, with the parties of an agreement being the ones with the freedom to agree to use it to express their consent.

As such, Italian law grants electronic signatures the same value as…

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Law in Netherlands

Electronic Signature Law and Civil Code

As a general rule, in the Netherlands, the parties of an agreement can decide whether to express it verbally, in writing, or electronically. Local law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity.

For the Netherlands, a non-qualified electronic signature shall have the same value as…

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Law in Poland

Electronic Signature Law

In Poland, as a general rule, for a contract to be valid, the parties must have reached an agreement regardless of how they express it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Polish law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity, with the parties being able to express their consent through its use.

In Poland, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of…

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Law in Portugal

Decree Law nº 290-D/99 on Electronic Signatures

In Portugal, there is legal freedom in the methods that can be used when entering into a contract: the vast majority of agreements can be entered into either in writing, verbally, or electronically (unless expressly required by law to be done in writing). In the same sense, through Law 290-D/99, Portugal expressly recognises the validity of the electronic signature and regulates its use.

In Portugal, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of…

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Law in Czech Republic

Law on Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Nº 297/2016

According to Czech law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Czech law regulates electronic signatures and gives them legal validity.

In the Czech Republic, electronic signatures Czech Republic can be…

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Law in Sweden

Electronic Signature Law

In Sweden, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of the way they decide to express it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). That is why the parties in an agreement can consent to entering into it by using electronic signatures unless the law expressly indicates that it requires the presence of a handwritten signature.

Likewise, the Swedish Procedural Code expressly establishes that documents in…

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Law in Bulgaria

Law on Electronic Documents and Trust Services

In Bulgaria, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Bulgaria’s special law regulates electronic signatures, their legal effectiveness, and the provision of certification services.

In Bulgaria, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of agreements…

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Law in Cyprus

Law 55(I) of 2018

In Cyprus, as a general rule, a contract will be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Cypriot law regulates electronic signatures and establishes their validity when signing documents and agreements. In this sense, the law expressly establishes that a document’s legal effects may not be denied for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

In Cyprus, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…

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Law in Greece

Presidential Decree 150/2001 on Electronic Signatures

According to the Greek Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they express it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means).

In Greece, a document containing any type of…

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Law in Slovakia

Law on Trust Services N.º 272/2016

In Slovakia, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Slovak law regulates electronic signatures and establishes their validity when signing documents and agreements.

In this sense, in Slovakia, a document’s legal effects cannot be…

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Law in Slovenia

Business Law and Electronic Signatures

In Slovenia, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement, whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means. Slovak law regulates electronic signatures and establishes their validity.

In this sense, in Slovenia, a document’s legal effects cannot be denied by…

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Law in Estonia

Law on Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions

Estonia regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity, and the parties may enter into legitimate agreements by using them. So, they are widely used in the business world.

In Estonia, electronic signatures are equivalent to handwritten ones, resulting in the same effects in…

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Law in Finlandia

Law on Electronic Identification and Digital Signatures)

In Finland, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach a verbal, handwritten, or electronic agreement. In other words, electronic signatures may be used to enter into agreements, unless the law requires special formalities that cannot be fulfilled by electronic means.

Likewise, the Finnish Procedural Code establishes that digital solutions can be presented as …

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Law in Hungary

Electronic Signature Law

In Hungary, as a general rule, the parties are free to decide upon how to enter into an agreement: verbally, in writing, or by electronic means. Hungary regulates and grants legal validity to electronic signatures through a special law.

In Hungary, electronic signatures can be used to sign all kinds of agreements that are not…

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Law in Luxembourg

Electronic Commerce Law

In Luxembourg, as a general rule, the parties are free to decide upon how to enter into an agreement: verbally, in writing, or by electronic means. Luxembourg regulates and grants legal validity to electronic signatures through a special law. Likewise, the Civil Code establishes that electronic documents shall bear the burden of proof regarding the existence, acceptance, and authenticity of a document.

Luxembourg law establishes that an electronic signature shall be valid as long as: i) it allows for the signatory to be…

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Law in Ireland

Electronic Commerce Law

Irish law regulates and grants legal validity to electronic signatures. So, electronic signatures must have the same effect in Ireland as handwritten signatures, with the parties of an agreement being able to choose what type of signature to use.

Irish law specifically states that a document’s validity cannot be denied due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature. Likewise…

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Law in Latvia

Electronic Documents Law

In Latvia, the parties can decide on how to enter into an agreement: verbally, in writing, or electronically. Latvian law regulates electronic signatures and gives them full validity, within the general framework applicable in the European Union.

Also, in Latvia, electronic signatures shall have the same value as handwritten ones unless the law expressly requires the presence of some…

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Law in Lithuania

Law on Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions

In Lithuania, as a general rule, the parties may decide to enter into an agreement either verbally, in writing, or by electronic means. Lithuania regulates electronic signatures internally and grants them full legal validity. The parties of an agreement may use electronic signatures to express their consent.

Also, in Lithuania, electronic signatures shall have the same value as handwritten ones unless the law expressly requires the…

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Law in Malta

Electronic Commerce Law

Malta regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity, with the parties of an agreement being able to express their consent through the use of electronic signatures.

In Malta, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…

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Law in Romania

Electronic Signature Law Nº 455/2001

In Romania, the parties to an agreement shall be able to choose how to express their consent: whether by written, verbal, or electronic means. According to Romanian law, a document in electronic format that includes an attached or associated electronic signature shall have the same value as a document with a handwritten signature, provided that the parties have consented to express their agreement through electronic signatures.

In Romania, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…

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Law in Norway

Electronic Signature Law

In Norway, a contract shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it: whether by verbal, written, or electronic means. Norway regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity. Likewise, in Norway the same value is granted to electronic signatures as to handwritten ones.

Although Norway is not a member country of the European Union, in June of 2018, it decided to…

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Law in United Kingdom

Electronic Communications Law

For a contract to be valid in the United Kingdom, as a general rule, two or more parties must reach an agreement, whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means. The Electronic Communications law regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal validity, with the parties being able to express their consent through its use.

Also, according to local practice, an agreement’s validity cannot be denied for the…

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Law in Switzerland

Electronic Signature Law

In Switzerland, as a general rule, a contract will be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it: whether by verbal, written, or electronic means. Switzerland regulates electronic signatures in its local legislation and grants them legal validity. Electronic signatures may not be used when the law requires special formalities.

In Switzerland, there are three types of signatures: i) simple: those data logically joined or linked to other electronic data that serve to…

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Law in Turkey

Electronic Signature Law Nº 5070

According to Turkish law, as a general rule, for a contract to be valid, it is enough for the parties to reach an agreement, regardless of whether it be verbal or through a printed or electronic document. Turkish law expressly recognises the existence and validity of electronic signatures. Furthermore, Turkish law prohibits rejecting a contract for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

In Turkey, electronic signatures can be used for…

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Law in Iceland

Electronic Signature Law Nº 28/2001

In Iceland, as a general rule, the parties of a valid agreement may decide to enter into it either in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. Electronic signatures are valid and regulated by special regulations in Iceland.

In Iceland, advanced electronic signatures can be used to…

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Law in Ukraine

Law on Electronic Trust Services

In Ukraine, a contract shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it: whether by written, verbal, or electronic means. Furthermore, Ukrainian law specifically states that a document’s validity cannot be denied due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

In Ukraine, just like in the European Union, there are three types of electronic signatures:…

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Law in Andorra

Law on Electronic Trust Services Nº 35/2014

In Andorra, electronic signatures are regulated and are valid. So, as a general rule, the parties can enter into agreements by using an electronic signature, except when the law expressly requires the presence of a handwritten signature.

Andorran law regulates electronic signatures in a very similar way to the eIDAS Regulation, establishing three types of electronic signatures: simple, advanced, and…

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Law in Scotland

Regulation of Electronic Signatures and Regulation of Electronic Documents

In Scotland, a contract shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement (regardless of the format: written, verbal, or electronic). Electronic signatures are regulated in Scotland and have full legal validity.

In Scotland, just like with the European Union member countries, there are…

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Law in China

Electronic Signature Law

In China, as a general rule, agreements can be validly entered into by electronic means, as the law states that a contract carried out through electronic means in compliance with the law’s requirements shall be considered just like a written document.

Likewise, as long as all the parties to an agreement have consented to entering into it by means of an electronic signature, the validity of…

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Law in Japan

Electronic Signature and Certification Services Law

In Japan, as a general rule, the parties of an agreement may decide to enter into it either in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. Likewise, Japanese legislation establishes that a contract cannot be rejected just because it has been entered into using electronic signatures.

Japan recognises and regulates the validity of electronic signatures through a…

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Law in Vietnam

Law for Electronic Transactions Nº 51/2005/QH11

According to the Vietnamese Civil Code, contracts do not have to be entered into by means of a handwritten signature to be valid, and may contain electronic signatures (except in those cases where the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature). Likewise, Law 51/2005 regulates the existence and validity of electronic signatures, expressly establishing that a contract may not be declared inadmissible simply because it contains an…

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Law in Russia

Law 63-FZ on Electronic Signatures

In Russia, the parties of a valid agreement may decide whether to enter into it in writing, verbally, or, where authorised by law, through electronic means. That is why the legislation indicates which agreements can be validly carried out using electronic signatures.
Article 6 of the law establishes that electronic signatures shall have the same validity as handwritten ones in electronic documents that have been…

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Law in Indonesia

Law 11/08 on Information and Electronic Transactions

Indonesian law does not require contracts to have a handwritten signature for them to be valid, with the parties being free to agree on how to sign them (verbally, in writing with a handwritten signature, or electronically).

Meanwhile, Indonesian law expressly establishes that contracts entered into by electronic means are valid and admissible, although in the…

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Law in Philippines

Electronic Commerce Law Nº 8792

In the Philippines, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically).

According to Philippine law, contracts that have been entered into using electronic signatures cannot be rejected for this reason alone. That is why…

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Law in Thailand

Law on Commercial Transactions B.F. 2544

In Thailand, there is freedom in the contractual methods that can be used: there is no obligation to express consent by handwritten signature, and contracts can be entered into using electronic signatures (unless the law requires the need to do so by handwritten signature).

Similarly, Thai law specifically states that the validity of contracts entered into by…

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Law in Malaysia

Electronic Commerce Law

As a general rule, Malaysia does not require contracts to contain handwritten signatures in order to be valid, and the parties may agree to enter into one by electronic means (unless the law expressly requires otherwise). Similarly, the electronic commerce law expressly states that contracts cannot be declared inadmissible or unenforceable due to the…

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Law in Singapore

Electronic Transactions Law

The general rule in Singapore is that contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties (whether verbal or by a physical or electronic document). Singaporean law regulates the existence and validity of electronic signatures. Furthermore, Singaporean law states that an agreement’s validity cannot be rejected due to the…

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Law in Iran

Electronic Commerce Law

Iranian law allows electronic documents to be signed electronically and, in most cases, electronic signatures are given the same validity as handwritten ones. At the same time, documents that contain electronic signatures shall be valid as evidence before a court.

Iranian law defines electronic signatures in a broad sense as “any indication that appears or is attached to an electronic document intended to identify the…

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Law in United Arab Emirates

Electronic Transactions and Electronic Commerce Law

In the United Arab Emirates, electronic signatures are regulated by local legislation and are valid for carrying out a large number of documents. The Electronic Commerce Law establishes that electronic signatures have probative value and may be used to those ends in litigation. So, a document cannot be rejected due to the…

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Law in India

Information Technology Law

In India, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how it is expressed (by written, verbal, or electronic means). Likewise, India’s information technology law states that a contract cannot be rejected due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

Electronic signatures are presumed valid unless one of the…

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Law in Israel

Electronic Signature Law

In Israel, as a general rule, the parties can choose how to enter into an agreement, being able to resort to electronic signatures when expressing consent. Likewise, in accordance with Israeli law, documents containing an electronic signature will be admitted as evidence in the event of litigation.

In order to validly sign a document using electronic signatures, the parties must ensure that the…

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Law in South Korea

Digital Signature Law

In South Korea, contracts can be entered into by written, verbal, or electronic means, unless the law requires a particular formality. Likewise, according to local legislation, a contract cannot be rejected for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

Meanwhile, in South Korea, electronic documents can be presented as…

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Law in Taiwan

Electronic Signature Law

In Taiwan, as a general rule, the parties of an agreement may decide to enter into it: in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. So, according to local legislation, a contract cannot be rejected for the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

Taiwanese law places great importance on consent. That is why, whenever an agreement is…

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Law in Sri Lanka

Electronic Transactions Law

In Sri Lanka, as a general rule, the parties of an agreement can choose how to implement it: verbally, in writing, or electronically. Sri Lanka regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal value. Likewise, Sri Lanka, an agreement’s validity cannot be denied due to the…

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Law in Brunei

Electronic Transactions Law

In Brunei, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid if two or more parties reach an agreement, regardless of how they present it (whether by verbal, written, or electronic means). Likewise, contracts may not be rejected for the mere fact of having been entered into by means of electronic signatures.

In Brunei, electronic signatures can be used for…

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Law in Kazakhstan

Law on Electronic Documents and Digital Signatures

As a general rule, Kazakhstan does not require contracts to contain handwritten signatures in order to be valid, and the parties may agree to enter into one by electronic means (unless the law expressly requires otherwise). In Kazakhstan, electronic signatures are valid and regulated by a specific law on digital signatures.

The law interprets the concept of written contracts in a broad sense: whenever the law requires that a…

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Law in Kuwait

Electronic Transactions Law

Kuwait regulates electronic signatures and grants them validity as a means of expressing consent in a large number of agreements. Likewise, electronic documents are recognised as probative evidence before judicial processes. In Kuwait, the validity of an agreement may not be rejected for the mere fact that it was entered into using electronic signatures.

In Kuwait, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…

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Law in Pakistan

Electronic Transactions Ordinance

Pakistan regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal value. Likewise, documents that contain electronic signatures shall be valid as evidence before a court.

As a general rule, the parties to an agreement may decide to express it through electronic means. At the same time, all documents or agreements that must be signed to…

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Law in Bangladesh

Law on Information Technology and Communication

Bahrain regulates electronic signatures and grants them legal validity. According to local legislation, an agreement’s validity cannot be denied due to the mere fact that it contains an electronic signature.

In Bangladesh, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of agreements that…

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Law in Hong Kong

Electronic Transactions Law

In Hong Kong, as a general rule, contracts are valid as long as the parties involved have reached an agreement in writing, verbally, or through electronic means. Hong Kong regulates the validity of electronic signatures by means of a special law and expressly establishes that a contract’s validity cannot be denied merely due to the fact that it has …

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Ley en Guatemala

Ley para el Reconocimiento de las Comunicaciones y Firmas Electrónicas

Como regla general, los contratos son válidos en Guatemala siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos).

La ley guatemalteca establece expresamente que los documentos en formato electrónico resultan válidos, ejecutables y admisibles como…

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Ley en Panamá

Ley 51/08 sobre Documentos Electrónicos y Firma Electrónica

Como regla general, los contratos son válidos en Panamá siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). Asimismo, los contratos no pueden ser rechazados por el mero hecho de haber sido firmados electrónicamente.

La ley panameña establece expresamente que la firma electrónica tendrá el…

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Ley en Costa Rica

Ley de Firma Digital 8454/05

Los contratos son válidos en Costa Rica siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). En Costa Rica, la firma electrónica es válida, es prueba admisible en procesos judiciales y se encuentra regulada por la ley 8454.

De acuerdo con el artículo 3 de dicha ley, cualquier manifestación con carácter representativo o declarativo expresada o transmitida por…

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Ley en Honduras

Ley sobre Firmas Electrónicas N.o 33.301

Como regla general, en Honduras, los contratos son válidos siempre que exista un
acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). La ley hondureña define específicamente la firma electrónica y regula su aplicación y validez.

De acuerdo con el artículo 6 de la Ley 33.301, los actos y contratos suscritos mediante firma electrónica, serán válidos de la misma manera y producirán los …

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Ley en El Salvador

Ley de Firma Electrónica

En El Salvador, los contratos son válidos siempre que exista un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). La ley salvadoreña define específicamente la firma electrónica y regula su aplicación y validez.

El Salvador otorga valor jurídico a la firma electrónica y establece en el artículo 8 de su ley que los documentos en soporte electrónico que…

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Ley en Nicaragua

Ley N.o 729 sobre Firma Electrónica

En Nicaragua, los contratos serán válidos siempre que haya un acuerdo entre partes, independientemente de cómo sea la forma de expresarlo (por escrito, oralmente o por medios electrónicos). La ley nicaragüense le otorga y reconoce eficacia y valor jurídicos a la firma electrónica.

Si bien la legislación nicaragüense equipara a la firma electrónica certificada con la firma manuscrita, la firma electrónica simple también es…

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Law in Brazil

Law 11.419 and Interim Measure 2.200-2

According to Brazilian law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). In Brazil, documents signed using electronic signatures have legal validity and can be presented as evidence in court.

In Brazil, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…

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Law in Colombia

Law 527/99, Resolution 26930/00, Decree 2364/12

According to the Colombian Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means).

Electronic signatures are regulated by Colombian legislation and have full legal validity, unless the regulation applicable to the contract or document in question requires only the use of a handwritten signature. Likewise, Law 527/99 establishes that contracts cannot be…

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Law in Peru

Law 27.269 and Decree 052/08

According to Peruvian law, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid as long as two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means).

Likewise, in Peru, a contract cannot be rejected simply because it has been signed using electronic…

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Law in Argentina

Law 25.506

According to the Argentinian Civil and Commercial Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means), unless the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature.

Law 25.506 recognises and grants legal validity to electronic signatures, establishing that they are admissible as evidence in legal proceedings. In the same sense, the…

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Law in Chile

Law 19.799 and Decree 181

According to Chilean Civil law, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means), unless the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature. That is why, when expressing consent, the parties may agree to use electronic signatures.

Law 19.799 establishes that documents signed using electronic signatures shall be just as valid and produce the same effects as those done on paper. Likewise, in Chile, the…

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Law in Uruguay

Law Nº 18.600

In Uruguay, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means), unless the law specifically requires the presence of a handwritten signature.

Law No. 18.600 expressly recognises the admissibility, validity, and legal effectiveness of electronic documents and electronic signatures. Likewise, it specifically states that…

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Law in Ecuador

Electronic Commerce Law 2002-67

In Ecuador, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Ecuadorian legislation establishes that the validity of an agreement cannot be denied just because it was entered into using electronic signatures.

According to article 14 of the Ecuadorian Electronic Commerce Law, electronic signatures shall have the…

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Law in Paraguay

Law Nº 4017

In Paraguay, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Paraguayan law defines electronic signatures and regulates their application and validity.

According to the law, additional proof may be required for documents that are signed using electronic signatures, since, in the event that one of…

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Law in United States

Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act – ESIGN- and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act -UETA-

According to US regulations, electronic documents shall have the same legal value as physical documents, clearly establishing that a document’s effect, validity, and legal enforceability will not be denied due to the fact that it is presented in an electronic format. That is why the parties can freely choose whether to enter into an agreement electronically.

US federal regulations do not require minimum technological requirements to grant validity to electronic signatures, and the parties may…

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Law in Canada

Law on Personal Data Protection and Electronic Documents

In Canada, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties (whether verbal or by a physical or electronic document). Canada defines electronic signatures broadly and does not establish minimum technological requirements when granting them legal validity.

Electronic signatures shall have the same value as handwritten ones and may be used to…

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Law in Mexico

Commercial Code, Advanced Electronic Signature Law

According to the Mexican Civil Code, as a general rule, a contract shall be valid whenever two or more parties reach an agreement (whether by verbal, handwritten, or electronic means). Likewise, the Mexican Commercial Code states that legal effects, validity, or binding force may not be denied to any information for the mere reason that it is contained in a data message.

Mexico regulates and recognises electronic signatures as legal and applicable, and the…

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Law in Puerto Rico

Electronic Signature Law Nº 359/04

In Puerto Rico, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Puerto Rican law regulates and recognises the validity of electronic signatures in its specific legislation.

Likewise, Puerto Rican law recognises electronic signatures as having the same legal effect as handwritten ones, expressly establishing that…

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Law in Dominican Republic

Law on Electronic Commerce, Documents, and Digital Signatures

In the Dominican Republic, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). Dominican law regulates and recognises the validity of digital signatures in a specific law.

Specifically, the law establishes that no legal effects, validity, or binding force shall be denied to any type of information simply because it is in the form of a digital document or…

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Law in Australia

Electronic Transactions Act 1999

In Australia, there is freedom in the methods that can be used and, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties. The Electronic Transactions Law regulates the existence and validity of electronic signatures, as electronic signatures are widely used.

Under Australian law, any electronic signature can replace a handwritten signature. In the same sense, Australian law specifically confirms that a document’s validity cannot be…

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Law in New Zealand

Electronic Transactions Law

The general rule in New Zealand is that contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties (regardless of how they express it). Furthermore, New Zealand law states that an agreement’s validity cannot be rejected due to the mere fact that it includes an electronic signature.

In New Zealand, electronic signatures shall be equivalent to handwritten ones as long as the parties of an agreement so determine, unless the…

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Law in South Africa

Electronic Communications and Transactions Law

In South Africa, the parties of a valid agreement may decide to enter into it either in writing, verbally, or by electronic means. Likewise, the validity of a contract may not be rejected for the mere fact that it was entered into using electronic signatures.

To be valid, electronic signatures must: i) identify the signatory and…

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Law in Egypt

Electronic Signature Law Nº 15/2004

As a general rule, Egypt does not require contracts to contain handwritten signatures in order to be valid, and the parties may agree to enter into one by electronic means (unless the law expressly requires otherwise). Electronic signatures are valid and regulated by a special law in Egypt.

Additionally, Egyptian law specifically states that a contract’s validity cannot be…

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Law in Nigeria

Law of Evidence and Cybercrime Law

In Nigeria, as a general rule, contracts shall be valid as long as there is an agreement among the parties, regardless of how it is expressed (in writing, verbally, or electronically). The Nigerian legal system recognises the validity of electronic signatures, although it does not define them or establish minimum validity requirements.

Nigerian law expressly states that electronic signatures are valid to use and fully effective for…

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Law in Cameroon

Electronic Communications Law and OHADA General Commercial Law

For a contract to be valid in Cameroon, the parties must reach an agreement, regardless of how they express it (verbally, in writing, or electronically). Cameroon regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity.

Likewise, the applicable legislation in Cameroon establishes that an agreement may not be…

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Law in Morocco

Law 53-05

In Morocco, electronic signatures are regulated by law 53-05 and are legally valid. Likewise, local legislation establishes that an agreement with an electronic signature cannot be rejected just because it has been entered into using electronic signatures.

In Morocco, electronic signatures can be used for signing all kinds of…

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Law in Algeria

Law Nº 15-04 on Electronic Certification Signatures

Algeria regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity. For this reason, as a general rule, the parties of a contract may express their agreement through electronic means in any case of an agreement.

According to Algerian law, a document cannot be rejected due to the mere fact that it contains an…

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Law in Kenya

Information and Communications Law

Kenya regulates electronic signatures and grants them full legal validity. Under Kenyan law, as long as the parties agree, contracts may be entered into electronically (unless the law expressly requires the presence of a handwritten signature).

Furthermore, the law establishes that an agreement may not be rejected simply because it has been…

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